4th Century Coins Found at Site of Roman Fort Could Prove a Medieval Folk Tale Is True

Excavation Efforts in Wales May Confirm Legend of Roman Emperor Magnus Maximus

Recent archaeological findings at a Roman fort in southwest Wales have the potential to shed light on a long-standing folk tale about the fourth-century Roman emperor Magnus Maximus. Two significant coins unearthed during the excavation could indicate historical truths behind narratives recorded in ancient texts, particularly within the Mabinogion, a 12th-century collection of Welsh legends.

Dr. Mark Merrony, an archaeologist from the University of Oxford, spearheaded the investigation of the fort located near the hill of Frenni Fawr in Crymych. His exploration began with research into the legendary figure of Magnus Maximus, who, according to tradition, established a military camp in this region. Although tales of this camp have persisted for centuries, tangible archaeological evidence had been sorely lacking until now.

The story of Maximus, referred to in Welsh as Macsen Wledig, is famously narrated in “The Dream of Macsen Wledig,” which recounts the emperor’s rise and his journey to establish a fort atop Frenni Fawr, a peak that rises 1,300 feet in the Preseli Hills. Dr. Merrony noted the connection between this prominent geographical feature and his excavation site, emphasising its significance and suggesting the presence of a substantial military presence if Maximus had indeed camped there.

The investigation began in 2024, after Dr. Merrony discerned an outline indicative of a fort from satellite imagery. Upon exploring the area, he discovered various Roman artefacts, including a distinctive Roman tile. His subsequent excavations revealed numerous additional items, which led him to conclude that the site dated later than initially believed.

In his most recent dig, Dr. Merrony uncovered two coins from the late fourth century—artifacts that he speculates are directly tied to both the fort’s history and the story of Magnus Maximus. He expressed his excitement about the finds, saying, “It is fascinating to consider that the two coins may be linked to the tale of Macsen Wledig.”

Initially, the fort was thought to originate from the third century at the latest, but the newly discovered coins suggest possible continuous activity at the site for a longer period. Beyond the coins, researchers have also found an iron stylus, fragments of pottery, assorted tiles, signs of wagon traffic, and compact clay floors—features that are often characteristic of Roman military encampments.

The dimensions of the fort, measuring approximately 180 by 150 metres, suggest that it could have supported around 500 troops. Situated on a slope, it allowed for a strategic overview of the surrounding landscape, further supporting the argument that this location served as a military stronghold.

A geophysical survey of the fort revealed the presence of two rectangular buildings: one smaller, likely serving as a headquarters, oriented to face east, perhaps towards enemy forces; the larger structure to the south, assumed to be the commander’s dwelling. Dr. Merrony noted that this layout aligns with standard Roman military architecture.

The outcomes of this excavation and the potential historical implications will be published in the forthcoming issue of Antiqvvs, an archaeology magazine. Additionally, Dr. Merrony plans to delve deeper into the life and times of Magnus Maximus in his upcoming book, “Lives of the Roman Emperors: From Augustus to Romulus Augustulus.”

As the significance of these findings unfolds, they may not only enhance our understanding of the historical figure of Magnus Maximus but also inspire further exploration into the rich tapestry of Wales’ ancient past. The discoveries at Frenni Fawr illustrate how modern archaeology can breathe new life into age-old legends, providing a tangible connection to history long thought to be relegated to myth.